Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book

Duck, duck, goose—this classic game inspired a culinary adventure that brings the rich flavors of duck and goose right to our kitchens. Our Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book dives into the art of cooking these luxurious birds, offering recipes that are both approachable and impressive. Whether you’re a seasoned chef or just looking to try something new, this collection has something for everyone.

We’ve gathered a variety of recipes that highlight the unique taste and texture of duck and goose, from crispy roasted classics to inventive modern dishes. Each recipe is designed to help us master these flavorful birds with confidence, turning any meal into a special occasion. Let’s explore the delicious possibilities that make duck and goose a standout choice for our next feast.

Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book: Ingredients Overview

In this section, we dive into the essential ingredients featured in the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book. Understanding these foundational components allows us to master the art of cooking both duck and goose with confidence and flair.

Common Ingredients for Duck Recipes

When preparing duck, several key ingredients consistently appear, enhancing its rich flavor and tender texture:

  • Whole duck or duck breasts: The star protein, known for its rich, gamey taste.
  • Duck fat: Used for roasting or searing to crisp the skin perfectly.
  • Garlic cloves: Adds aromatic depth.
  • Onions: Caramelize well, complementing duck’s bold flavor.
  • Fresh herbs: Thyme, rosemary, and sage are classics that infuse earthy notes.
  • Fruits: Oranges, cherries, or apples provide a bright contrast.
  • Red wine or port: Ideal for creating rich pan sauces or marinades.

These ingredients form the backbone of many duck recipes in our book, whether roasting whole birds or crafting elegant breast dishes.

Common Ingredients for Goose Recipes

Goose recipes require similarly robust ingredients but emphasize a slightly different flavor profile due to the bird’s distinct characteristics:

  • Whole goose: Often larger and fattier than duck, rich in flavor.
  • Goose fat: Highly prized for roasting potatoes or enriching sauces.
  • Carrots and celery: Traditional vegetables to build flavor bases for roasting or braising.
  • Bay leaves: Provide subtle herbal undertones.
  • Juniper berries: Add a piney, almost resinous note unique to goose preparations.
  • Apples and prunes: Commonly paired with goose to balance its richness.
  • White wine or cider: Frequently used in marinades or basting liquids.

These ingredients help us unlock the delicious potential of goose, combining savory and sweet elements for perfect results.

Special Seasonings and Marinades

To bring out the best in both duck and goose, the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book incorporates special seasonings and marinades designed specifically for these birds:

Seasoning / Marinade Description Usage
Five-spice powder Blend of star anise, cloves, cinnamon, fennel, pepper Adds a warm, aromatic lift to duck preparations
Citrus zest and juice Lemon, orange, or lime zest and juice Brightens rich flavors, perfect for marinades
Honey and soy sauce Sweet and salty combination Ideal for glazing and marinating duck breasts
Mustard and garlic paste Sharp, pungent flavor Enhances gamey notes and tenderizes meat
Red wine vinegar Adds acidity and depth Balances fatty richness in both duck and goose
Fresh ginger and chili Provides heat and zing Gives an Asian-inspired twist to marinades

These seasonings and marinades help us transform the natural flavors of duck and goose into unforgettable dishes. Each ingredient is carefully chosen to complement and elevate the profile of these birds, ensuring our recipes deliver maximum taste and satisfaction.

Essential Tools and Equipment

To master the art of cooking duck and goose, having the right tools and equipment is crucial. These essentials help us achieve perfect texture, rich flavors, and beautiful presentation every time.

Cookware Needed for Duck Dishes

Cooking duck requires cookware that handles both high heat and slow roasting. Here are the essentials:

  • Roasting Pan with Rack: Allows fat to drip off the duck, giving crisp skin and juicy meat.
  • Heavy-Bottomed Skillet or Cast Iron Pan: Ideal for searing duck breasts to develop a golden crust.
  • Dutch Oven or Oven-Safe Casserole: Perfect for braising duck legs or making confit.
  • Thermometer: Ensures the duck reaches the right internal temperature for safe, tender meat.
Tool Purpose Material Recommendation
Roasting Pan with Rack Even roasting, fat drainage Stainless steel or enamel
Heavy-Bottomed Skillet Searing and rendering duck fat Cast iron or stainless steel
Dutch Oven Slow cooking, braising Cast iron or ceramic
Thermometer Accurate internal temperature measurement Digital instant-read

Cookware Needed for Goose Dishes

Cooking goose shares some methods with duck but often requires larger or sturdier tools due to the size and fat content:

  • Large Roasting Pan with Drip Tray: Supports the whole goose and collects excess fat for basting or rendering.
  • Roasting Rack: Keeps goose elevated for even heat circulation.
  • Stockpot or Large Pot: Useful for preparing complementary sauces and broths from bones.
  • Kitchen Twine: Helps truss the goose for uniform cooking and shape retention.
Tool Purpose Notes
Large Roasting Pan Accommodates whole goose Choose one with high edges
Roasting Rack Promotes even roasting and browning Fits inside the roasting pan
Stockpot Sauce preparation, making stock Large capacity preferred
Kitchen Twine Trussing goose for even cooking Heat-resistant cotton twine

Recommended Kitchen Gadgets

There are several gadgets that elevate cooking and handling duck and goose:

  • Fat Separator: Essential for separating rendered fat from pan juices for sauces.
  • Baster or Spoon: Helps baste birds periodically sealing moisture and enhancing flavor.
  • Sharp Chef’s Knife: A razor-sharp blade ensures clean cuts without tearing the delicate meat.
  • Carving Fork: Stabilizes the bird when slicing for perfect presentation.
  • Silicone Basting Brush: Spreads glazes and marinades evenly on skin.

“Having the right tools is half the battle won when preparing duck and goose dishes. They allow us to focus on flavor and technique with confidence.”

Gadget Function Benefit
Fat Separator Separates pure fat from pan juices Cleaner sauces, reuse fat
Baster or Spoon Basting during roasting Retains bird moisture
Chef’s Knife Precision cutting Neat carving and trimming
Carving Fork Stabilizes meat for slicing Safe and attractive presentation
Silicone Brush Applying glazes and marinades Even distribution, easy cleaning

Using these Essential Tools and Equipment will empower us to create dishes from the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book confidently and consistently.

Preparation Steps

Mastering the Preparation Steps is crucial to unlocking the full flavors and textures of duck and goose. Let’s break down the essential techniques to ensure our dishes from the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book impress every time.

Thawing and Cleaning the Bird

Proper thawing and cleaning set the foundation for flawless cooking.

  • Thawing: Always thaw the bird slowly in the refrigerator to maintain texture and safety. For whole ducks or geese, allow approximately 24 hours for every 4 to 5 pounds. Use a tray to catch any drips.
  • Cleaning: Remove any excess fat, leftover feathers, and giblets inside the cavity. Rinse the bird thoroughly under cold running water, then pat dry with paper towels. Ensuring the bird is completely dry helps us achieve that perfectly crisp skin.
Size of Bird Thawing Time (Refrigerator)
4 – 5 lbs 24 hours
6 – 10 lbs 36-48 hours
11 – 15 lbs 48-72 hours

Preparing Marinades and Rubs

Marinades and rubs are the secret weapons for enhancing depth and complexity in duck and goose recipes.

  • Combine our selected aromatics like garlic, fresh herbs, and citrus zest with savory liquids such as soy sauce, red wine, or honey. This blend tenderizes the meat and infuses vibrant flavors.
  • For a five-spice rub, mix equal parts ground star anise, cinnamon, cloves, fennel, and Szechuan pepper, then rub evenly on the meat surface.
  • Allow the bird to marinate for at least 4 hours, ideally overnight, in a sealed container or zip-top bag in the refrigerator to maximize flavor absorption.

“The richness of duck and goose thrives when paired with bold, balanced seasonings.”

Preparing Stuffing Options

Stuffing is a creative way to complement the natural flavor profile of our birds.

  • Use a combination of fruits like apples, prunes, or oranges to add sweetness and moisture.
  • Mix in fresh herbs such as thyme and sage, along with aromatic vegetables like onions, garlic, and celery for savory notes.
  • For textural contrast, include nuts like chopped walnuts or chestnuts.
  • Ensure stuffing is loosely packed to allow even cooking and prevent sogginess.
Common Stuffing Ingredients Role in Flavor and Texture
Apples and prunes Sweetness and moisture
Fresh herbs (thyme, sage) Aromatic flavor
Onions, garlic, celery Savory depth
Nuts (walnuts, chestnuts) Crunch and contrast

We gently stuff the bird just before roasting or cooking to maintain optimal food safety.

Cooking Techniques

Mastering the cooking techniques for duck and goose is essential to unlock their rich flavors and tender textures. We will guide you through precise steps for roasting and explore alternative methods such as grilling, smoking, and braising for delicious variety.

Roasting Duck: Step-by-Step

Roasting duck properly ensures crispy skin and juicy meat. Follow these steps for perfectly roasted duck every time:

  1. Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C).
  2. Prepare the duck by patting it dry with paper towels. Score the skin lightly to help fat render.
  3. Season inside and out with salt, pepper, and your choice of aromatics (e.g., garlic, thyme).
  4. Place the duck breast-side up on a roasting rack inside a roasting pan.
  5. Optionally, add halved oranges or apples to the cavity for aromatic infusion.
  6. Roast for 1 hour 20 minutes, basting every 20 minutes with rendered fat for crisp skin.
  7. Check internal temperature using a meat thermometer: aim for 165°F (74°C) in the thickest part of the thigh.
  8. Remove the duck and rest for 15 minutes before carving to redistribute juices.
Step Action Temperature/Time
Preheat oven Prepare cooking environment 375°F (190°C)
Roast duck On rack, breast-side up 1 hr 20 min, baste every 20 min
Internal temp goal Check with thermometer 165°F (74°C)
Resting Let meat juices redistribute 15 minutes

Roasting Goose: Step-by-Step

Due to its larger size and higher fat content, roasting goose demands careful attention:

  1. Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C).
  2. Dry the goose thoroughly and prick the skin to help release excess fat.
  3. Season the cavity and skin generously with salt, pepper, juniper berries, and fresh herbs.
  4. Stuff the goose with a fruit-based stuffing like apples, prunes, and sage for enhanced flavor.
  5. Place the goose on a large roasting rack inside a spacious roasting pan.
  6. Roast the goose for approximately 2.5 to 3 hours, or about 20 minutes per pound (450 g).
  7. Periodically baste with the rendered goose fat to keep the skin crispy and rich.
  8. Confirm doneness with a meat thermometer: internal temperature should reach 165°F (74°C).
  9. Remove from oven and allow to rest 20 minutes before carving.
Step Action Temperature/Time
Preheat oven Prepare cooking environment 350°F (175°C)
Roast goose On rack, bast frequently ~2.5–3 hours, 20 min/lb
Internal temp goal Confirm doneness 165°F (74°C)
Resting Let juices settle 20 minutes

Alternative Cooking Methods (Grilling, Smoking, Braising)

Exploring different methods can elevate the flavors and textures of both duck and goose beyond traditional roasting:

  • Grilling: Ideal for duck breasts or smaller portions. Grill over medium heat to crisp skin while preserving tender interior. Use marinade or spice rubs to enhance smoky char. Cook duck breasts approximately 6 minutes per side, medium-rare to medium doneness.
  • Smoking: Infuse deep smoky flavor using hardwood chips such as apple or hickory. Smoke whole birds or pieces at a low temperature (225–250°F / 107–121°C) for several hours until tender. This method accentuates richness and adds complexity.
  • Braising: Especially good for tougher cuts or older birds. Brown the meat first, then slowly cook in flavorful liquid (stock, wine, aromatics) for 2–3 hours until fall-off-the-bone tender. This locks in moisture and produces succulent results.
Method Key Benefits Optimal Temperature Approximate Time
Grilling Crispy skin, smoky char Medium heat (~350°F) ~6 min per side (breast)
Smoking Deep smoky flavor, tender meat Low heat 225–250°F Several hours
Braising Moisture retention, tenderness Low simmer 2–3 hours

Recipe Highlights from the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book

In this section, we explore some signature dishes from the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book that showcase the rich flavors and expert techniques for preparing duck and goose. These highlights bring together tradition and innovation, helping us master every step for a memorable meal.

Classic Roast Duck Recipe

The Classic Roast Duck is a staple that demonstrates how simple ingredients and precise cooking yield tender, juicy meat with perfectly rendered skin. We start by seasoning a whole duck inside and out with salt, pepper, and fresh herbs such as thyme and rosemary. Roasting at 375°F (190°C) for about 1 hour 45 minutes ensures the skin crisps while keeping the meat succulent and flavorful.

  • Key tips: Score the skin to help render the fat.
  • Finish: Let the duck rest 15 minutes before carving to preserve juices.

This recipe is perfect for those who want to enjoy authentic duck flavors with a straightforward approach.

Crispy Duck with Hoisin Sauce

This recipe elevates duck with an intense, glossy Hoisin sauce glaze that caramelizes beautifully during high-heat cooking. We use duck breasts seared skin-side down to achieve crispy crackling skin. After searing, the duck finishes in the oven at 400°F (205°C) for 8–10 minutes.

For the sauce, combine:

Ingredient Quantity
Hoisin Sauce ¼ cup
Soy Sauce 2 tbsp
Honey 1 tbsp
Rice Vinegar 1 tsp
Fresh Garlic, minced 1 clove

We brush the sauce over the duck in the final minutes to create a rich, sticky coating. Serve thinly sliced duck breast with steamed rice and stir-fried vegetables for a balanced, flavorful dish.

Traditional Roast Goose Recipe

The Traditional Roast Goose recipe highlights the bird’s robust flavor through controlled slow roasting combined with aromatic stuffing. We prepare a whole goose, seasoning it with salt, pepper, and stuffing with a classic blend of apples, onions, and sage.

Roast instructions:

Step Temperature Duration
Initial Roast 325°F (165°C) 2 hours
Increase Heat 425°F (220°C) last 20 minutes

Rendering the goose fat thoroughly produces crisp skin and succulent meat. Remember to prick the skin to release excess fat and baste periodically for optimal taste and texture.

Herb-Studded Goose with Citrus Glaze

For a modern twist, the Herb-Studded Goose with Citrus Glaze brightens the rich meat with fresh herbs and a tangy citrus finish. We stud the goose’s skin with garlic cloves and insert sprigs of rosemary and thyme underneath.

The glaze combines:

Ingredient Quantity
Orange Juice ½ cup
Lemon Zest 1 tsp
Honey 2 tbsp
Dijon Mustard 1 tbsp

Apply the glaze during the last 30 minutes of roasting and baste every 10 minutes to develop a vibrant crust and enhance the natural flavors. Serve with roasted root vegetables to complement the citrus-herb profile.


These highlights embody the essence of cooking duck and goose as taught in the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book, blending rich tradition with approachable techniques that we can confidently reproduce.

Serving Suggestions and Side Dishes

To truly enhance the flavors of duck and goose, pairing these rich birds with thoughtful sauces and complementary side dishes is essential. Let’s explore how to elevate our meals from the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book with perfect accompaniments.

Complementary Sauces and Gravies

Sauces are the heart of a memorable duck or goose dish. They balance the birds’ bold, savory notes with acidity, sweetness, or spice.

  • Classic Orange Sauce: A tangy blend of fresh orange juice, zest, sugar, and a splash of Grand Marnier offers a citrusy brightness that perfectly contrasts the rich duck fat.
  • Red Wine and Juniper Berry Gravy: Ideal for goose, this sauce combines reduced red wine, beef or chicken stock, crushed juniper berries, and herbs. It adds depth and a pine-like aroma to the dish.
  • Hoisin and Ginger Glaze: With sweet and spicy notes, this sauce complements crispy duck dishes beautifully. Made from hoisin sauce, fresh ginger, garlic, and soy sauce, it adds an Asian flair.
  • Port Wine Reduction: Slow-simmered port wine mixed with shallots, thyme, and duck drippings creates a velvety, slightly sweet sauce that highlights the duck’s natural flavor.
Sauce Name Key Flavors Best Paired With
Classic Orange Sauce Citrus, sweet Duck roast, duck breasts
Red Wine Juniper Gravy Robust, piney, savory Roast goose
Hoisin Ginger Glaze Sweet, spicy, umami Crispy duck
Port Wine Reduction Sweet, rich, velvety Pan-seared duck breasts

Ideal Side Dishes for Duck

When serving duck, we aim for sides that offer contrasting textures, fresh flavors, and a touch of sweetness or acidity to cut through the richness.

  • Roasted Root Vegetables: Carrots, parsnips, and sweet potatoes tossed with rosemary and olive oil, roasted until caramelized.
  • Braised Red Cabbage: Slightly sweet and tangy from apple cider vinegar and brown sugar, this side adds color and acidity.
  • Wild Rice Pilaf: Nutty wild rice mixed with dried cranberries and toasted pecans brings a cheerful crunch and subtle sweetness.
  • Sautéed Spinach with Garlic: Tender, lightly sautéed spinach with garlic provides a fresh and slightly bitter balance.
  • Citrus and Fennel Salad: Thinly sliced fennel and orange segments tossed with olive oil and black pepper add crispness and brightness.

Ideal Side Dishes for Goose

Goose demands heavier, earthier sides that can stand up to its robust flavor and complement the aromatic gravies.

  • Creamy Mashed Potatoes or Parsnips: Smooth and buttery, this classic side soaks up goose gravy beautifully.
  • Braised Red Cabbage with Apples: A traditional pairing that adds sweetness and acidity, perfectly offsetting the goose’s rich fat.
  • Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Chestnuts: Roasting intensifies the sprouts’ flavor while chestnuts add a nutty texture.
  • Wild Mushroom Risotto: Creamy risotto infused with earthy mushrooms enhances the depth of roasted goose.
  • Glazed Carrots with Thyme and Honey: Sweet and herbaceous, these carrots lighten the plate with their natural sugars.
Side Dish Flavor Profile Best With
Roasted Root Vegetables Earthy, sweet Duck
Braised Red Cabbage Tangy, sweet Duck, Goose
Wild Rice Pilaf Nutty, sweet Duck
Sautéed Spinach with Garlic Fresh, slightly bitter Duck
Citrus and Fennel Salad Crisp, bright Duck
Creamy Mashed Potatoes Buttery, smooth Goose
Roasted Brussels Sprouts Nutty, savory Goose
Wild Mushroom Risotto Earthy, creamy Goose
Glazed Carrots with Honey Sweet, herbaceous Goose

By carefully selecting sauces and sides, we bring out the best in every duck or goose dish. These pairings ensure a flavorful, well-rounded dining experience that transforms every meal into a true celebration.

Make-Ahead and Storage Tips

Proper make-ahead strategies and storage ensure that our duck and goose dishes remain flavorful and safe to enjoy later. Let’s explore how to marinate, store, and reheat these rich birds for the best experience.

Marinating and Preparing in Advance

Marinating duck and goose enhances their naturally robust flavors. For optimal taste and tenderness, we recommend:

  • Marinate for 12 to 24 hours in the refrigerator.
  • Use airtight containers or heavy-duty resealable bags to lock in flavors.
  • Combine key aromatics and seasonings such as five-spice powder, fresh herbs, citrus zest, honey, and soy sauce for duck; and juniper berries, bay leaves, cider, and apples for goose.
  • Prepare stuffing mixtures a few hours before cooking and keep them chilled, but stuff the bird just before roasting to ensure food safety.

Marinating longer than 24 hours can overpower the natural taste and alter the texture, so stick to this timeframe for the best results.

Storing Cooked Duck and Goose

After cooking, properly storing duck and goose preserves flavor and freshness for the next meal. Follow these guidelines:

Storage Method Temperature Max Storage Time Tips
Refrigerate (in airtight container) 34-40°F (1-4°C) Up to 3-4 days Cool meat before sealing; avoid stuffing if storing separately
Freeze (vacuum sealed) 0°F (-18°C) Up to 3 months Wrap tightly with plastic wrap and foil for best quality
Freeze (standard wrap) 0°F (-18°C) 1-2 months Use freezer-safe bags; label with date

Key Points:

  • Cool cooked meat to room temperature within 2 hours before refrigerating.
  • Remove stuffing if you plan to freeze separately as it may affect texture.
  • For longer storage, vacuum sealing helps prevent freezer burn.

Reheating Instructions

To preserve the crispy skin and tender meat of duck and goose, reheating must be done carefully:

  1. Oven Method (Recommended)
  • Preheat oven to 325°F (165°C).
  • Place the bird or sliced portions on a roasting rack.
  • Cover loosely with foil to prevent drying.
  • Heat for 15-20 minutes or until internal temperature reaches 165°F (74°C).
  1. Stovetop Method (For Sliced Meat)
  • Warm a skillet over medium heat.
  • Add a small amount of duck or goose fat or butter.
  • Gently reheat slices for 2-3 minutes per side until hot.
  1. Microwave (Use Sparingly)
  • Place meat on a microwave-safe plate.
  • Cover with a microwave-safe lid.
  • Heat on medium power in 30-second intervals to avoid drying.

Avoid overheating to maintain moisture and flavor integrity.

By following these Make-Ahead and Storage Tips from our Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book, we ensure that every bite remains as delightful as when freshly cooked.

Conclusion

Exploring the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book opens up a world of rich flavors and culinary possibilities. With the right ingredients, tools, and techniques, cooking duck and goose becomes an enjoyable and rewarding experience for all skill levels.

By embracing both traditional and innovative recipes, we can transform everyday meals into memorable occasions. Whether roasting, grilling, or braising, each method highlights the unique qualities of these birds.

With thoughtful preparation and attention to detail, the recipes empower us to serve dishes that impress and satisfy. This book is a valuable resource for anyone eager to master the art of cooking duck and goose confidently.

Frequently Asked Questions

What types of recipes are included in the Duck Duck Goose Recipe Book?

The book offers a variety of recipes for duck and goose, ranging from traditional roasted dishes to modern, innovative creations suitable for both beginners and experienced chefs.

What are key ingredients for cooking duck?

Common ingredients include whole duck or duck breasts, duck fat, garlic, onions, fresh herbs, fruits, and red wine or port to enhance flavor and tenderness.

What ingredients are essential for goose recipes?

Goose recipes typically use whole goose, goose fat, carrots, celery, bay leaves, juniper berries, apples, prunes, and white wine or cider to complement its rich taste.

Which seasonings and marinades work best with duck and goose?

Popular options include five-spice powder, citrus zest and juice, honey and soy sauce, mustard and garlic paste, red wine vinegar, and fresh ginger and chili.

What tools do I need for cooking duck?

Essential duck cookware includes a roasting pan with a rack, heavy-bottomed skillet, Dutch oven, and a food thermometer for precise cooking.

What equipment is recommended for cooking goose?

Larger tools like a large roasting pan, roasting rack, stockpot, and kitchen twine are important due to goose’s size and fat content.

Are there any helpful kitchen gadgets for preparing duck and goose?

Yes, useful gadgets include a fat separator, baster, sharp chef’s knife, carving fork, and silicone basting brush to improve flavor and technique.

How should I prepare duck and goose before cooking?

Proper thawing in the refrigerator and thorough cleaning are crucial. Prepare marinades or rubs and stuff the birds with complementary fruits, herbs, and nuts just before cooking.

What are the best cooking methods for duck and goose?

Roasting is the most common, but grilling, smoking, and braising are excellent alternatives to enhance flavor and texture.

Can you recommend signature recipes from the book?

Notable dishes include Classic Roast Duck, Crispy Duck with Hoisin Sauce, Traditional Roast Goose, and Herb-Studded Goose with Citrus Glaze.

What sauces pair well with duck and goose?

Classic Orange Sauce, Red Wine and Juniper Berry Gravy, Hoisin and Ginger Glaze, and Port Wine Reduction complement the birds perfectly.

What side dishes should I serve with duck?

Ideal sides include Roasted Root Vegetables, Braised Red Cabbage, Wild Rice Pilaf, Sautéed Spinach with Garlic, and Citrus and Fennel Salad.

What side dishes go best with goose?

Goose pairs well with Creamy Mashed Potatoes, Braised Red Cabbage with Apples, Roasted Brussels Sprouts with Chestnuts, Wild Mushroom Risotto, and Glazed Carrots.

How can I store and reheat cooked duck and goose?

Refrigerate or freeze in airtight containers. Reheat gently using an oven, stovetop, or microwave to maintain crispy skin and tender meat.

How long should I marinate duck or goose?

Marinate for 12 to 24 hours in the refrigerator to infuse the meat with flavor before cooking.

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