Exploring ceramic glaze recipes for Cone 10 opens up a world of creative possibilities for potters and ceramic artists. Cone 10 firing reaches high temperatures around 2381°F (1305°C), producing durable and vibrant glazes that bring our pieces to life. Mastering these recipes lets us achieve stunning finishes, from glossy to matte, with rich colors and unique textures.
Working with Cone 10 glazes requires understanding how different materials interact at high heat, ensuring our creations not only look beautiful but also stand the test of time. Whether we’re aiming for traditional stoneware or experimental effects, having reliable glaze recipes is key to consistent and impressive results. Let’s dive into some of the best Cone 10 ceramic glaze recipes that can elevate our work to the next level.
Materials Needed for Cone 10 Ceramic Glaze Recipes
To achieve the best results with Cone 10 ceramic glaze recipes, we need precise materials and reliable tools. These components form the foundation of our glaze mixtures and the firing process.
Essential Raw Materials
For Cone 10 glaze formulations, we select raw materials that withstand high temperatures and create vibrant, durable finishes. The key ingredients include:
- Feldspar – Acts as a flux, lowering the melting point and promoting glossy surfaces.
- Silica (Quartz) – Provides the glass former that creates the glaze’s structure.
- Kaolin (China Clay) – Supplies alumina and silica to stiffen the glaze and improve adhesion.
- Whiting (Calcium Carbonate) – Adds calcium oxide for durability and texture variation.
- Ball Clay – Enhances plasticity and suspension during glaze application.
- Nepheline Syenite – An additional flux contributing to melting and surface variation.
- Bentonite – Improves glaze suspension and digested mixing.
- Colorants and Oxides – Such as cobalt oxide, iron oxide, copper carbonate, or manganese dioxide to achieve specific hues and effects.
| Raw Material | Role | Typical Usage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | Flux | 20 – 40 |
| Silica (Quartz) | Glass former | 25 – 35 |
| Kaolin | Stiffener, adhesion | 10 – 20 |
| Whiting | Texture, durability | 5 – 10 |
| Ball Clay | Suspension, plasticity | 5 – 10 |
| Nepheline Syenite | Flux | 5 – 15 |
| Bentonite | Suspension aid | 1 – 3 |
| Colorants/Oxides | Color and surface effect | 0.1 – 5 |
“Combining fluxes like feldspar and nepheline syenite ensures a well-matured glaze at Cone 10 without compromising texture or vibrancy.”
Tools and Equipment
Proper tools and equipment are critical to mix, apply, and fire our Cone 10 glazes efficiently and consistently:
- Precision Scale – For exact measurement of raw materials to maintain recipe accuracy.
- Mixing Containers – Non-reactive containers such as plastic or stainless steel for combining ingredients.
- Stirring Tools – Durable spatulas or mechanical mixers to ensure homogeneity in the glaze slurry.
- Sieves (80-100 mesh) – To filter and remove lumps ensuring a smooth application.
- Spray Gun or Brush – For controlled glaze application depending on the pottery piece’s shape.
- Ball Mill (Optional) – For grinding raw materials into finer particles to enhance glaze consistency.
- Kiln Rated to Cone 10 – Essential for firing glazes to the correct maturation temperature of approximately 2381°F (1305°C).
- Safety Gear – Respirator mask, gloves, and goggles to protect from dust and chemicals during preparation and firing.
Understanding Cone 10 Firing Temperature
The Cone 10 firing temperature is a critical factor for ceramic artists aiming to achieve strong durable and visually striking glaze finishes. Understanding the specifics of Cone 10 helps us optimize our glaze recipes and firing processes for superior results.
What Is Cone 10?
Cone 10 refers to a temperature measurement standard used in ceramics corresponding to approximately 2381°F (1305°C). It is part of the Orton Cone Scale utilized to indicate the heat work or the combined effect of temperature and time in the kiln.
“Cone 10 firing is generally classified as a high-fire temperature range commonly used for stoneware and porcelain clays.”
At this temperature, various chemical reactions occur within the glaze and clay body, ensuring they mature completely. This standard is essential for achieving the:
- Dense vitrification of the clay
- Full development of glaze surfaces
- Maximum strength and durability
| Cone Number | Temperature (°F) | Temperature (°C) | Firing Type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cone 06 | 1828 | 998 | Low-fire |
| Cone 04 | 1940 | 1060 | Mid-fire |
| Cone 10 | 2381 | 1305 | High-fire |
Effects of Cone 10 on Glaze Maturation
At Cone 10, the glaze undergoes complete maturation resulting in several desirable effects we must understand to tailor our recipes:
- Full Melting: The glaze materials melt and fuse smoothly, creating a robust glassy surface that bonds tightly to the clay body.
- Surface Vibrancy: High temperature encourages rich color development and distinctive textures due to chemical interactions.
- Durability: Firing at Cone 10 produces very durable and wear-resistant glazes suited for functional wares.
- Controlled Glossiness or Matte Finish: By adjusting the glaze formulation, we can achieve finishes ranging from glossy to matte while maintaining structural integrity.
“Firing to Cone 10 requires us to balance fluxes and stabilizers carefully so that the glaze neither runs excessively nor remains underfired.”
The intense heat at this stage causes the fusion of materials such as feldspar and silica to produce a strong network essential for glaze stability. It also affects the interaction of colorants like oxides contributing to the deep vivid hues characteristic of Cone 10 glazes.
Understanding the thermal behavior and chemical maturation at Cone 10 is vital to crafting ceramic glazes that are visually stunning, functional, and long-lasting. This knowledge guides us in selecting materials and proportions that respond well under these precise firing conditions.
Basic Ceramic Glaze Recipes Cone 10
At Cone 10 firing, our ceramic glaze recipes must balance fluxes, stabilizers, and refractory materials to achieve optimal results. Below, we explore foundational recipes tailored for high-temperature Cone 10 conditions that yield durable and visually appealing finishes.
Flux-Based Glazes
Fluxes are critical at Cone 10 for lowering the melting point of silica and initiating the glass formation in our glazes. Our flux-based glaze recipes typically include:
- Feldspar: Primary flux, promotes melting
- Nepheline Syenite: Enhances fluidity and gloss
- Whiting (Calcium Carbonate): Adds opacity and controls gloss
- Zinc Oxide: Maintains gloss and adds durability
Typical flux ratios for Cone 10 glazes fall within a balanced range to ensure strong melting without over-fluxing:
| Ingredient | Percentage (%) | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | 30 – 40 | Primary flux |
| Nepheline Syenite | 10 – 15 | Secondary flux |
| Whiting | 10 – 20 | Flux and opacity |
| Zinc Oxide | 5 – 15 | Gloss and durability |
| Silica | 20 – 30 | Glass former |
| Clay (Kaolin/Ball) | 5 – 10 | Suspension/stiffness |
“The right balance of fluxes at Cone 10 creates a glaze that is both stable and vibrant, allowing us to achieve brilliant finishes and structural integrity.”
Matte and Satin Finishes
To achieve matte or satin finishes at Cone 10, we adjust the silica and alumina ratios and incorporate specific opacifiers or matting agents. Key components include:
- Silica: Increased for hardness and matte surface
- Alumina (from Kaolin or Ball Clay): Controls glaze thickness and matte texture
- Titanium Dioxide or Zirconium Silicate: Adds opacity and mattifying effect
- Lower flux content: Prevents full melting for a less glossy surface
Our matte glaze recipe might look like this:
| Ingredient | Percentage (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | 25 | Lower flux for matte effect |
| Silica | 30 | Increased for hardness |
| Kaolin | 15 | Fosters matte texture |
| Titanium Dioxide | 10 | Opacifier and matting agent |
| Whiting | 10 | Flux and opacifier |
| Bentonite | 5 | Suspension aid |
This combination delivers a subtle, velvety surface with reduced gloss while retaining durability.
Glossy and Crystalline Finishes
Producing glossy or crystalline finishes at Cone 10 requires maximizing fluxes for high fluidity and incorporating nucleating agents for crystal growth.
- Glossy finishes depend on high feldspar and nepheline syenite content for complete melting and a smooth glass surface.
- Crystalline glazes add titanium dioxide, zircopax, or manganese dioxide to promote crystal formation during controlled cooling cycles.
Sample glossy glaze recipe for Cone 10:
| Ingredient | Percentage (%) | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | 40 | High flux for melting |
| Nepheline Syenite | 15 | Enhances gloss |
| Silica | 20 | Glass former |
| Kaolin | 10 | Clay stability |
| Whiting | 10 | Flux and opacity |
| Bentonite | 5 | Suspension |
For crystalline glazes, we modify as follows:
| Ingredient | Percentage (%) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | 35 | Flux |
| Nepheline Syenite | 15 | Flux |
| Silica | 18 | Glass former |
| Titanium Dioxide | 15 | Crystal nucleation agent |
| Manganese Dioxide | 5 | Adds color and crystallization |
| Whiting | 10 | Flux |
| Kaolin | 5 | Suspension and alumina source |
We employ slow cooling schedules after firing to Cone 10 to allow crystal growth, resulting in stunning textured surfaces with a glossy base.
Our tailored Cone 10 glaze recipes bridge chemistry and artistry to produce finishes ranging from silky mattes to brilliant gloss and dazzling crystalline textures. Each formulation is carefully balanced to optimize melting behavior, surface quality, and durability at this high firing temperature.
Preparing the Glaze Mixture
Before applying the glaze to our ceramic pieces, precise preparation of the Cone 10 glaze mixture is essential. This ensures even texture, proper melting behavior, and vibrant, durable finishes after firing.
Measuring and Weighing Ingredients
Accurate measuring and weighing of raw materials is the first critical step. Using a precision scale ensures we maintain the exact proportions dictated by our Ceramic glaze recipes Cone 10. Even a slight deviation can affect the glaze’s melting point and surface quality.
| Ingredient | Typical Percentage Range (%) | Role in Glaze |
|---|---|---|
| Feldspar | 20–40 | Flux, lowers melting temperature |
| Nepheline Syenite | 10–30 | Flux, improves durability |
| Silica (Quartz) | 10–25 | Glass former, hardness |
| Kaolin | 5–15 | Alumina source, stabilizes glaze |
| Whiting (Calcium Carbonate) | 5–15 | Flux, enhances gloss or matte |
| Ball Clay | 2–8 | Plasticizer, affects texture |
| Bentonite | 0.5–2 | Suspension aid, improves adhesion |
Steps for weighing:
- Tare the container on the scale before adding ingredients.
- Add each material slowly to avoid over-measuring.
- Record weights for future reference and recipe consistency.
Mixing and Sieving the Glaze
Once measured, combine the dry ingredients thoroughly. This step ensures uniform distribution of fluxes and stabilizers throughout the batch.
Mixing instructions:
- Add water gradually to the dry mixture while stirring continuously.
- Aim for a creamy consistency similar to heavy cream. Typically, use about 50–60% water by weight of the dry mixture.
- Use a wide container for easy mixing and avoid air entrapment.
Next, sieving the glaze slurry is crucial to remove lumps and coarse particles that cause uneven application and surface defects.
- Pass the mixture through a mesh sieve of 80–100 mesh size.
- Use a sieve brush to help push the glaze through smoothly.
- After sieving, let the slurry settle for several hours or overnight to fully hydrate and homogenize.
“Consistent texture and particle size distribution directly influence the glaze’s fluidity and final fired surface at Cone 10.”
With these preparation steps, our glaze will be primed for application, producing the vibrant, durable finishes we expect from well-crafted Cone 10 ceramic glazes.
Application Techniques for Cone 10 Glazes
Applying Cone 10 glazes with precision and care is essential to achieve the desired finish and durability. Below, we detail the most effective application methods to bring out the vibrant and lasting qualities of these high-temperature glazes.
Dipping Method
The Dipping Method is among the most popular for Cone 10 glazes due to its ability to provide an even coat quickly.
- Preparation: Ensure the glaze is well mixed and free from lumps by thorough stirring and sieving with a 80-100 mesh sieve.
- Technique: Slowly immerse the bisque-fired piece into the glaze bucket, maintaining a steady motion to prevent air bubbles.
- Duration: Typically dip for 5 to 15 seconds depending on desired thickness.
- Withdrawal: Remove the piece evenly and allow excess glaze to drip off, holding it at an angle.
- Drying: Place the piece in a dust-free area to dry thoroughly before firing.
Tip: Use a second dip if a thicker glaze layer is required, allowing the first coat to dry partially.
| Step | Details |
|---|---|
| Glaze consistency | Medium fluid (water to powder ratio approx. 1:1) |
| Dip duration | 5-15 seconds |
| Drying time | 15-30 minutes |
| Surface finish | Smooth, even coverage |
Brushing Method
The Brushing Method allows for greater control and artistic detail with Cone 10 glaze recipes, but requires precision.
- Brush selection: Use soft, natural or high-quality synthetic brushes sized for the piece.
- Glaze preparation: Thin glaze slightly with water to improve flow but avoid over-thinning.
- Application: Apply 2 to 3 even coats using consistent, overlapping brush strokes.
- Drying between coats: Allow each coat to dry completely before applying the next to prevent lifting or cracking.
- Texture details: Brush method can enhance surface textures or patterns for a unique visual effect.
Remember: Avoid brushing heavy or thick coats to prevent runs and uneven melting during firing.
| Step | Details |
|---|---|
| Number of coats | 2-3 |
| Drying time each | 20-30 minutes |
| Brush type | Soft natural or synthetic |
| Application style | Even overlapping strokes |
Spraying Method
The Spraying Method offers a smooth and uniform glaze coating ideal for Cone 10 glazes on larger or more complex shapes.
- Equipment: Use an airbrush or spray gun with a nozzle size appropriate for glaze thickness (typically 0.5 to 1.5 mm).
- Glaze preparation: Dilute glaze to a thin but opaque consistency to avoid clogging; strain well before use.
- Application technique: Spray in light, even layers from a distance of 6 to 12 inches, moving steadily parallel to the surface.
- Layering: Apply multiple thin coats instead of a single heavy coat, allowing drying between each.
- Control: Use masking or shields to prevent overspray on unwanted areas.
Pro tip: Practice spraying on test tiles to adjust pressure and consistency before applying to final pieces.
| Step | Details |
|---|---|
| Nozzle size | 0.5 to 1.5 mm |
| Spray distance | 6-12 inches |
| Number of coats | 3-4 thin layers |
| Drying time each | 10-15 minutes |
Mastering these application techniques for Cone 10 glazes enhances both the aesthetic qualities and durability of your ceramic work, preparing your pieces for the intense heat of Cone 10 firing.
Firing Process for Cone 10 Ceramic Glazes
The firing process is critical to bring out the full potential of Cone 10 ceramic glazes. Precise kiln operation ensures our glazes develop their signature durability, vibrancy, and texture.
Loading the Kiln
We must load the kiln carefully to optimize heat circulation and prevent damage. Here is what we focus on:
- Arrange pieces on kiln shelves with adequate spacing to allow even heat distribution.
- Ensure no pieces are touching, as glazes will fuse if in contact.
- Use kiln stilts or setters if applying glaze on bottoms to avoid sticking.
- Load heavier, thicker pieces near the kiln floor where temperature gradients exist.
- Place smaller and delicate items on upper shelves for more uniform temperature.
Proper loading minimizes thermal stress and optimizes firing outcomes.
Firing Schedule and Temperature Ramp
A controlled firing schedule with proper ramp rates is essential for Cone 10 glazes to melt and mature perfectly. Below is our recommended temperature ramp profile:
| Stage | Temperature Range (°F) | Ramp Rate (°F per hour) | Hold Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| Initial Drying | Room temp to 212°F | 100 | 30 minutes |
| Dehydration & Burnout | 212°F to 1000°F | 150 | None |
| Quartz Inversion | 1000°F to 1300°F | 60 | None |
| Final Ramp to Cone 10 | 1300°F to 2381°F | 100 | Hold 10-15 minutes at peak |
| Cooling | 2381°F downward | Controlled, see below | None |
Key points for the firing schedule:
- Maintain slow ramps between 1000°F and 1300°F to avoid thermal shock and allow quartz inversion.
- The hold at peak temperature (Cone 10) encourages complete glaze maturation and crystallization.
- Avoid rapid heating or cooling to prevent warping, cracking, or glaze defects.
Cooling and Unloading
Cooling is as important as heating in the firing process:
- Cool the kiln gradually to room temperature, ideally at a rate of 100-200°F per hour until 1000°F, then slower to avoid stress.
- Avoid opening the kiln prematurely; the raw glazes can crack if exposed to rapid temperature shifts.
- Once fully cooled, carefully unload pieces checking for any warping or surface defects.
- Note that the glaze surfaces often reveal their final textures and colors only after complete cooling.
Through careful firing monitoring and proper kiln handling, our Cone 10 ceramic glazes reach their pinnacle of strength and beauty.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
When working with Ceramic Glaze Recipes Cone 10, encountering challenges is part of the process. Here we address common glaze issues and practical solutions to refine our firing results.
Crawling and Pinholing
Crawling appears as bare spots where glaze fails to adhere, often due to dust, grease, or uneven application. Pinholing shows as tiny holes on the glaze surface caused by gases escaping during firing.
Common Causes and Fixes:
| Issue | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Crawling | Surface contaminants | Clean bisque thoroughly with sponge and water |
| Too thick glaze application | Apply thinner coats or multiple light layers | |
| Poor glaze fit on clay body | Adjust glaze recipe to improve adhesion | |
| Pinholing | Excessive carbon or organic matter | Ensure clean raw materials, slow firing schedule |
| Rapid firing causing trapped gases | Slow ramp rate between 1000°F and 1800°F | |
| Overly thick glaze application | Thin glaze coats and proper sieving |
“A clean clean surface and controlled glaze thickness are essential to prevent crawling and pinholing at Cone 10.”
Crazing and Cracking
Crazing manifests as fine surface cracks due to glaze and clay body expansion mismatch. Cracking implies deeper structural failure, often from thermal shock or glaze fit issues.
Causes and Solutions:
| Problem | Cause | Solution |
|---|---|---|
| Crazing | Glaze thermal expansion too high | Reformulate glaze for lower expansion |
| Clay body temperature or composition | Switch to more compatible clay bodies | |
| Cracking | Rapid cooling | Implement slow, gradual cooling cycle |
| Thick glaze causing thermal stress | Apply thinner glaze | |
| Ware too thin or improperly dried | Inspect piece thickness and dry thoroughly before firing |
“Balancing the thermal expansion of glaze and body is the key to eliminating crazing in Cone 10 work.”
Color Variations
Inconsistent or unexpected color results are common with Ceramic Glaze Recipes Cone 10 because firing atmosphere and mineral interactions strongly influence hues.
Key Factors and Adjustments:
| Factor | Effect on Color | How to Control |
|---|---|---|
| Firing atmosphere | Oxidation brightens colors, reduction deepens and alters shades | Choose and maintain firing atmosphere carefully |
| Raw material variation | Slight color differences due to impurities | Use consistent raw material sources |
| Thickness of glaze | Thicker glaze may darken or blur colors | Apply even glaze layers |
| Cooling rate | Slower cooling may enhance crystalline colors | Maintain consistent kiln cooling schedule |
We recommend testing small batches and documenting firing conditions thoroughly to anticipate and control Color Variations.
By addressing these challenges step-by-step, our Cone 10 ceramic glazes will achieve the vibrant durability and stunning finishes we aim to produce every time.
Safety Tips When Working With High-Temperature Glazes
When working with high-temperature glazes such as Ceramic Glaze Recipes Cone 10, safety must be our top priority. The materials and processes involved demand careful handling to protect our health and workspace. Here are essential safety tips to follow during preparation, application, and firing.
Protect Yourself From Harmful Dust and Chemicals
- Always wear a respirator mask rated for fine dust particles when mixing dry glaze ingredients. Many raw materials contain silica and other substances that can cause respiratory issues.
- Use chemical-resistant gloves to avoid skin contact with fluxes and opacifiers that might cause irritation.
- Work in a well-ventilated area or use a dust collection system to minimize inhalation risks from powdered materials.
- Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking during glaze preparation to prevent ingestion of harmful particles.
Safely Handle Glaze Materials and Equipment
- Measure materials with precision using calibrated scales on a stable surface to avoid spills.
- Use dedicated mixing bowls and tools to prevent cross-contamination between glaze batches.
- When sieving glaze suspensions, do so gently to avoid splashing that could expose skin or eyes.
- Store raw materials in labeled, airtight containers to prevent accidental exposure or moisture damage.
Kiln Operation Safety for Cone 10 Firing
- Always ensure the kiln is in an isolated and well-ventilated kiln room to dissipate heat and fumes safely.
- Wear heat-resistant gloves and goggles when loading or unloading the kiln due to extremely high temperatures (around 2381°F / 1305°C).
- Arrange ware to prevent glaze drips from contacting kiln shelves; use kiln stilts or setters to avoid costly damage.
- Never open the kiln before it has cooled to safe temperatures — thermal shock can harm both pieces and potters.
- Regularly inspect kiln elements and wiring for damage to avoid electrical hazards during firing.
Summary of Safety Gear and Precautions
| Safety Measure | Purpose | When to Use |
|---|---|---|
| Respirator Mask (N95 or better) | Protect lungs from silica and dust particles | Mixing dry glazes |
| Chemical-resistant Gloves | Shield skin from fluxes, opacifiers | Handling raw materials, mixing |
| Safety Goggles | Protect eyes from splashes or debris | Mixing, sieving, loading kiln |
| Heat-resistant Gloves | Prevent burns from hot kiln surfaces | Opening, loading, unloading kiln |
| Well-ventilated Workspace | Reduce inhalation of fumes and dust | Entire glaze preparation process |
| Kiln Stilts and Setters | Prevent glaze sticking to kiln shelves | Loading pieces into kiln |
“Safety is the foundation of creativity. By respecting these precautions, we create our best ceramic art with confidence and care.”
By embedding these safety practices into our routine, we safeguard our well-being and workspace while maximizing the success of our Cone 10 ceramic glazes. Let’s keep safety at the forefront as we continue to craft beautiful durable finishes fired to perfection.
Conclusion
Exploring Cone 10 ceramic glaze recipes opens up a world of creative possibilities for durable and vibrant finishes. By mastering the balance of materials, precise preparation, and careful firing, we can achieve stunning results that stand the test of time.
With attention to detail in application techniques and troubleshooting common issues, our ceramic pieces gain both beauty and resilience. Prioritizing safety throughout the process ensures a healthy and productive studio environment.
Ultimately, Cone 10 glazes offer us the opportunity to push the boundaries of ceramic artistry while crafting functional and visually striking works.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Cone 10 firing in ceramics?
Cone 10 firing refers to a high-temperature firing process at about 2381°F (1305°C). It fully matures both the clay body and glaze, resulting in durable, vibrant, and visually striking ceramic pieces.
Why are Cone 10 glazes popular among ceramic artists?
Cone 10 glazes offer a variety of finishes and textures with excellent durability and surface quality. The high heat helps achieve vivid colors, strong melting, and a range of effects from matte to glossy.
What are the key raw materials in Cone 10 glaze recipes?
Common materials include feldspar, silica, kaolin, whiting, ball clay, nepheline syenite, and bentonite. Each ingredient plays a role in fluxing, stabilizing, or adding texture to the glaze.
How do I prepare a Cone 10 glaze mixture accurately?
Measure ingredients precisely by weight using a scale. Mix thoroughly and sieve to ensure a smooth, lump-free texture. Proper preparation ensures consistent melting and finish after firing.
What are common application methods for Cone 10 glazes?
The main methods are dipping, brushing, and spraying. Dipping offers even coverage; brushing allows artistic details; spraying suits complex shapes. Each requires specific preparation and drying times for best results.
What is the importance of kiln firing schedules for Cone 10 glazes?
Controlled ramp rates and hold times ensure proper glaze maturation and prevent defects. Gradual cooling avoids thermal stress, which is critical for achieving the final texture and durability.
What common problems occur with Cone 10 glazes and how can they be fixed?
Issues like crawling, pinholing, crazing, and cracking often stem from glaze thickness, cleanliness, or firing errors. Solutions include adjusting application, cleaning surfaces, and following proper firing schedules.
How does firing atmosphere affect Cone 10 glaze colors?
Variations in oxygen or reduction atmospheres can change glaze chemistry, altering color and texture. Consistent firing conditions help maintain predictable and vibrant results.
What safety precautions should I take when working with Cone 10 glazes?
Wear respirators, gloves, and goggles. Work in well-ventilated spaces, handle raw materials carefully, and operate kilns according to manufacturer guidelines to protect health and workspace safety.